Measuring Health

Bailey N, Gannon M, Kearns A, Livingston M, Leyland AH. Living apart, losing sympathy? How neighbourhood context affects attitudes to redistribution and to welfare recipients. Environment and Planning A [in press]

Der G, Everitt BS. Applied medical statistics using SAS. 2nd ed. Boca Raton: CRC, 2013.

Falster MO, Randall DA, Lujica S, Ivers R, Leyland AH, Jorma LR. Disentangling the impacts of geography and Aboriginality on serious road transport injuries in New South Wales. Accident Analysis and Prevention 2013;[epub ahead of print]

Gray L, White IR, McCartney G, Katikireddi SV, Rutherford L, Gorman E, Leyland AH. Study protocol: use of record-linkage to handle non-response and improve alcohol consumption estimates in health survey data. BMJ Open 2013;3:e002647

Green MJ, Leyland AH, Sweeting H, Benzeval M. Socioeconomic position and adolescent trajectories in smoking, drinking and psychiatric distress: a latent class analysis. Journal of Adolescent Health 2013;[epub ahead of print]

Hotchkiss JW, Davies CA, Leyland AH. Adiposity has differing associations with incident coronary heart disease and mortality in the Scottish population: cross-sectional surveys with follow-up. International Journal of Obesity 2013;37:732–739

Mackay DF, Gray L, Pell JP. Impact of smoking and smoking cessation on overweight and obesity: Scotland-wide, cross-sectional study on 40,036 participants. BMC Public Health 2013;348

McCallum AK, Manderbacka K, Arffman M, Leyland AH, Keskimäki I. Socioeconomic differences in mortality amenable to health care among Finnish adults 1992-2003: 12 year follow up using individual level linked population register data. BMC Health Services Research 2013;13

Mok PLH, Leyland AH, Kapur N, Windfuhr K, Appleby L, Platt S, Webb RT. Why does Scotland have a higher suicide rate than England? An area-level investigation of health and social factors. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 2013;67:63-70

Randall DA, Jorm L, Lujic S, O’Loughlin A, Eades S. Disparities in revascularization rates after acute myocardial infarction between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people in Australia. Circulation 2013;127:811-819

Brown D, Benzeval M, Gayle V, Macintyre S, O'Reilly D, Leyland AH. Childhood residential mobility and health in late adolescence and adulthood: findings from the West of Scotland Twenty-07 Study. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 2012;66:942-950

Brown D, O'Reilly D, Gayle V, Macintyre S, Benzeval M, Leyland AH. Socio-demographic and health characteristics of individuals left behind in deprived and declining areas in Scotland. Health & Place 2012;18:440-444

Cooper C, Frank J, Leyland AH, Hardy R, Lawlor DA, Wareham NJ, Dezateux C, Inskip H. Using cohort studies in lifecourse epidemiology. Public Health 2012;126:190-192

Ellaway A, Benzeval M, Green M, Leyland AH, Macintyre S. 'Getting sicker quicker': does living in a more deprived neighbourhood mean your health deteriorates faster?. Health & Place 2012;18:132-7

Gray L, Leyland AH. Chapter 3: diet. In: Rutherford L, Sharp C, Bromley C, editors The Scottish Health Survey 2011 volume 2: children. Edinburgh: The Scottish Government Health Directorate, 2012:62-85.

Gray L, Leyland AH. Chapter 5: obesity. In: Rutherford L, Sharp C, Bromley C, editors The Scottish Health Survey 2011 volume 2: children. Edinburgh: The Scottish Government Health Directorate, 2012:101-115.

Gray L, Leyland AH. Chapter 7: obesity. In: Rutherford L, Sharp C, Bromley C, editors The Scottish Health Survey 2011 volume 1: adults. Edinburgh: The Scottish Government Health Directorate, 2012:185-205.

Gray L, Merlo J, Mindell J, Hallqvist J, Tafforeau J, O'Reilly D, Regidor E, Næss Ø, Kelleher C, Helakorpi S, Lange C, Leyland AH. International differences in self-reported health measures in 33 major metropolitan areas in Europe. European Journal of Public Health 2012;22:40-7

Gray L, Smith GD, McConnachie A, Watt GCM, Hart CL, Upton MN, Macfarlane PW, Batty GD. Parental height in relation to offspring coronary heart disease: examining transgenerational influences on health using the west of Scotland Midspan Family Study [epub ahead of print]. International Journal of Epidemiology 2012

Hotchkiss J W, Davies C, Gray L, Bromley C, Capewell S, Leyland AH. Trends in cardiovascular disease biomarkers and their socioeconomic patterning among adults in the Scottish population 1995 to 2009: cross-sectional surveys. BMJ Open 2012;2:e000771

Jorm LR, Leyland AH, Blyth FM, Elliot RF, Douglas KM, Redman S, on behalf of the APHID investigators . Assessing Preventable Hospitalisation InDicators (APHID): protocol for a data linkage study using cohort study and administrative data. BMJ Open 2012;2:e002344

Katikireddi SV, Gorman DR, Leyland AH. A comparison of trends in caesarean section rates in former communist (transition) countries and other European countries. European Journal of Public Health 2012;[epub ahead of print]

Leyland AH. Alcohol, financial crisis and reform: learning from the Russian experience [editorial]. European Journal of Public Health 2012;22:300

Lumme S, Sund R, Leyland AH, Keskimäki I. Socioeconomic equity in amenable mortality in Finland 1992-2008. Social Science & Medicine 2012;75:905-13

Mok PL, Kapur N, Windfhur K, Leyland AH, Appleby L, Platt S, Webb RT. Diverging trends in national suicide rates for Scotland and England and Wales, 1960-2008. British Journal of Psychiatry 2012;200:245-251.

Mok PLH, Kapur N, Windfuhr K, Appleby L, Leyland AH, Platt S, Webb RT. Authors’ reply [letter]. British Journal of Psychiatry 2012;201

Molaodi O R, Leyland AH, Ellaway A, Kearns A, Harding S. Neighbourhood food and physical activity environments in England, UK: does ethnic density matter?. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2012;9:75

Randall DA, Jorm LR, Lujic S, O’Loughlin A J, Churches TR, Haines MM, Eades SJ, Leyland AH. Mortality after admission for acute myocardial infarction in Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people in New South Wales, Australia: a multilevel data linkage study. BMC Public Health 2012;12:281

The National Evaluation of Sure Start (NESS) Research Team (including Leyland AH) . The impact of Sure Start Local Programmes on seven year olds and their families DFE-RR220. London, 2012

Benzeval M, Green MJ, Leyland AH. Do social inequalities in health widen or converge with age? Longitudinal evidence from three cohorts in the West of Scotland. BMC Public Health 2011;11:947

Fairley L, Dundas R, Leyland AH. The influence of both individual and area based socioeconomic status on temporal trends in Caesarean sections in Scotland 1980-2000. BMC Public Health 2011;11:330

Gray L, Lee IM, Sesso H D, Batty GD. Blood pressure in early adulthood, hypertension in middle-age, and future cardiovascular disease mortality: the Harvard Alumni Health Study. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2011;58:2396-403

Gray L, Leyland AH. Chapter 5: fruit and vegetable consumption. In: Bromley C, Bradshaw P, Given L, editors The Scottish Health Survey 2010 volume 1: main report. Edinburgh: The Scottish Government Health Directorate, 2011.

Gray L, Leyland AH. Chapter 7: adult and child obesity. In: Bromley C, Given L, editors The Scottish Health Survey 2010 volume 1: main report. Edinburgh: The Scottish Government Health Directorate, 2011.

Gray L, Leyland AH. Chapter 8: respiratory health and lung function. In: Bromley C, Given L, editors The Scottish Health Survey 2010 volume 1: main report. Edinburgh: 2011.

Hotchkiss J W, Davies C, Gray L, Bromley C, Capewell S, Leyland AH. Trends in adult cardiovascular disease risk factors and their socio-economic patterning in the Scottish population 1995 - 2008: cross-sectional surveys. BMJ Open 2011;1:e000176

Hotchkiss J W, Leyland AH. The relationship between body size and mortality in the linked Scottish Health Surveys: cross-sectional surveys with follow-up. International Journal of Obesity 2011;35:838-51

Levin K A, Torsheim T, Volleberg W, Richter M, Davies CA, Schnohr C W, Due P, Currie C. National income and income inequality, family affluence and life satisfaction among 13 year old boys and girls: a multilevel study in 35 countries. Social Indicators Research 2011;104:179-94

McCartney G, Mahmood L, Leyland AH, Batty GD, Hunt K . Contribution of smoking-related and alcohol-related deaths to the gender gap in mortality: evidence from 30 European countries. Tobacco Control 2011;20:166-8

Popham F, Boyle P, O'Reilly D, Leyland AH. Selective internal migration- does it explain Glasgow's worsening mortality record?. Health & Place 2011;17:1212-17

Brown D, Leyland AH. Scottish mortality rates 2000-2002 by deprivation and small area population mobility. Social Science & Medicine 2010;71:1951-7

Davies CA, Leyland AH. Trends and inequalities in short-term acute myocardial infarction case fatality in Scotland, 1988-2004. Population Health Metrics 2010;8:33

Dundas R, Leyland AH. The social patterning of deaths due to assault in Scotland, 1980-2005: a population based study. AQMeN Applied Quantitative Methods Newsletter 2010;3

Fransson C, Tomasi C, Leyland AH, Wennström J, Berglundh T. Severity and pattern of peri-implantitis-associated bone loss. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 2010;37:442-8

Gray L, Batty GD, Craig P, Stewart C, Whyte B, Findlayson B, Leyland AH. Cohort profile: the Scottish Health Surveys Cohort - linkage of study participants to routinely collected records for mortality, hospital discharge, cancer and offspring birth characteristics in three nationwide studies. International Journal of Epidemiology 2010;39:345-50

Gray L, Hart C L, Davey Smith G, Batty GD. What is the predictive value of established risk factors for total and cardiovascular disease mortality when measured before middle-age? pooled analyses of two prospective cohort studies from Scotland. European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation 2010;17:106-112

Gray L, Leyland AH. Chapter 5: diet. In: Bromley C, Given L, Ormston R, editors The Scottish Health Survey 2009 volume 1: main report. Edinburgh: The Scottish Government Health Directorate, 2010.

Gray L, Leyland AH. Chapter 7: adult obesity. In: Bromley C, Given L, Ormston R, editors The Scottish Health Survey 2009 volume 1: main report. Edinburgh: The Scottish Government Health Directorate, 2010.

Jackson A, Davies CA, Leyland AH. Do differences in the administrative structure of populations confound comparisons of geographic health inequalities?. BMC Medical Research Methodology 2010;10:74

Levin KA, Davies CA, Douglas G, Pitts NB. Urban-rural differences in dental caries of 5-year old children in Scotland. Social Science & Medicine 2010;71:2020-7

Leyland AH, Dundas R. The social patterning of deaths due to assault in Scotland, 1980-2005: population based study. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 2010;64:432-9

Leyland AH. Methodological challenges in the evaluation of community interventions. European Journal of Public Health 2010;20:242-3

Leyland AH. No quick fix: understanding the difference between fixed and random effect models [editorial]. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 2010;64:1027-8

Næss Ø, Leyland AH. Analysing the effect of area of residence over the life course in multilevel epidemiology. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 2010;38:119-26

Popham F, Boyle P, O'Reilly D, Leyland AH. Exploring the impact of selective migration on the deprivation-mortality gap within Greater Glasgow. February 2010. Glasgow, 2010

Stewart C H. Multilevel modelling of event history data: comparing methods appropriate for large datasets [PhD], MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit 2010.

Tarkiainen L, Martikainen P, Laaksonen M, Leyland AH. Comparing the effects of neighbourhood characteristics on all-cause mortality using two hierarchical areal units in the capital region of Helsinki. Health & Place 2010;16:409-12

The National Evaluation of Sure Start (NESS) Research Team (including Leyland AH) . The impact of Sure Start Local Programmes on five year olds and their families DFE-RR067. London, 2010

Batty GD, Shipley M, Dundas R, Macintyre S, Der G, Mortensen L, Deary IJ. Does IQ explain socio-economic differentials in total and cardiovascular disease mortality? Comparison with the explanatory power of traditional cardiovascular disease risk factors in the Vietnam Experience Study. European Heart Journal 2009;30:1903-9

Belsky J, Leyland AH, Barnes J, Melhuish E.. Sure Start in England. The Lancet 2009;373ID - 876:381

Bond L, Leyland AH, Macintyre S, Wight D. Evaluation of a youth development programme demonstrates the need for the randomised roll-out of community interventions [rapid response] ID - 870. British Medical Journal 2009:July 16th

Brown D, Leyland AH. Population mobility, deprivation and self-reported limiting long-term illness in small areas across Scotland. Health & Place 2009;15:37-44

Davies CA, Dundas R, Leyland AH. Increasing socioeconomic inequalities in first acute myocardial infarction in Scotland, 1990-92 and 2000-2. BMC Public Health 2009;9:134

Gray L, Leyland AH. A multilevel analysis of diet and socio-economic status in Scotland: investigating the 'Glasgow effect'. Public Health Nutrition 2009;12:1351-8

Gray L, Leyland AH. Chapter 4: smoking. In: Bromley C, Bradshaw P, Given L, editors The Scottish Health Survey 2008 volume 1: main report. Edinburgh: The Scottish Government Health Directorate, 2009:101-136.

Gray L, Leyland AH. Chapter 5: fruit and vegetable consumption. In: Bromley C, Bradshaw P, Given L, editors The Scottish Health Survey 2008 volume 1: main report. Edinburgh: The Scottish Government Health Directorate, 2009:137-156.

Gray L, Leyland AH. Chapter 7: obesity. In: Bromley C, Bradshaw P, Given L, editors The Scottish Health Survey 2008 volume 1: main report. Edinburgh: The Scottish Government Health Directorate, 2009:191-228.

Gray L, Leyland AH. Is the 'Glasgow effect' of cigarette smoking explained by socio-economic status? A multilevel analysis. BMC Public Health 2009;9:245

Levin KA, Davies CA, Topping GVA, Assaf AV, Pitts NB. Inequalities in dental caries of 5-year old children in Scotland, 1993-2003. European Journal of Public Health 2009;19:337-42

Leyland AH, Lynch JW. Why is mortality from coronary heart disease in young adults no longer falling? . British Medical Journal 2009;339:b5215

Leyland AH, Næss Ø. The effect of area of residence over the life course on subsequent mortality. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A 2009;172:555-78.

Manderbacka K, Arffman M, Leyland AH, McCallum A, Keskimäki I. Change and persistence in health care inequalities: access to elective surgery in Finland in 1992-2003. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 2009;37:131-8

Batty GD, Kivimäki M, Gray L, Davey Smith G, Marmot MG, Shipley MJ. Cigarette smoking and site-specific cancer mortality: testing uncertain associations using extended follow-up of the original Whitehall study. Annals of Oncology 2008;19:996-1002

Bloor M, Gannon M, Hay G, Jackson G, Leyland AH, McKeganey N. Contribution of problem drug users' deaths to excess mortality in Scotland: secondary analysis of cohort study. British Medical Journal 2008;337:a478

Gray L, Leyland AH. Overweight status and psychological wellbeing in adolescent boys and girls: a multilevel analysis. European Journal of Public Health 2008;18:616-621

Gray L. Comparisons of health-related behaviours and health measures between Greater Glasgow with other regional areas of Europe. Glasgow, 2008

Lumme S, Leyland AH, Keskimäki I. Multilevel modeling of regional variation in equity in health care. Medical Care 2008;46:976-983

Melhuish E, Belsky J, Leyland AH, Barnes J, the National Evaluation of Sure Start Research Team . Effects of fully-established Sure Start Local Programmes on 3 year old children and their families living in England: a quazi-experimental observational study. The Lancet 2008;372:1641-47

Næss Ø, Davey Smith G, Claussen B, Leyland AH. Life course influence of residential area on cause specific mortality. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 2008;62:29-34

The National Evaluation of Sure Start (NESS) Research Team (including Leyland AH) . The impact of Sure Start Local Programmes on three year olds and their families NESS/2008/FR/027. London, 2008

Gray L, Harding S, Reid A. Evidence of divergence with duration of residence in circulatory disease mortality in migrants to Australia. European Journal of Public Health 2007;17:550-554

Gray L. Comparisons of health-related behaviours and health measures between Glasgow and the rest of Scotland. Glasgow, 2007

Leyland AH, Dundas R, McLoone P, Boddy FA. Inequalities in mortality in Scotland 1981-2001. Glasgow, 2007

Leyland AH, Dundas R, McLoone P, Boddy FA. Cause-specific inequalities in mortality in Scotland: two decades of change - a population-based study. BMC Public Health 2007;7:172

Leyland AH, Næss Ø. Multilevel modelling of the longitudinal influence of neighbourhoods on health [e-letter]. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health Online 2007:18 January

Manda SOM, Leyland AH. An empirical comparison of maximum likelihood and Bayesian estimation methods for multivariate disease mapping. South African Statistical Journal 2007;41:1-21

Melhuish E, Belsky J, Anning A, Ball M, Barnes J, Romaniuk H, Leyland AH, NESS Research Team . Variation in community intervention programmes and consequences for children and families: the example of Sure Start Local Programmes. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 2007;48:543-551

Næss Ø, Piro F N, Nafstad P, Davey Smith G, Leyland AH. Air pollution, social deprivation and mortality: a multilevel cohort study of 468 small neighborhoods in Oslo, Norway. Epidemiology 2007;18:686-694

Tomasi C, Leyland AH, Wennstrom J L. Factors influencing the outcome of non-surgical periodontal treatment: a multilevel approach. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 2007;34:682-690

Belsky J, Melhuish E, Barnes J, Leyland AH, Romaniuk H, National Evaluation of Sure Start research team. Effects of Sure Start local programmes on children and families: early findings from a quasi-experimental, cross sectional study. British Medical Journal 2006;332:1476-1748

Chaix B, Leyland AH, Sabel C E, Chauvin P, Rastam L, Kristersson H, Merlo J. Spatial clustering of mental disorders and associated characteristics of the neighbourhood context in Malmo, Sweden, in 2001. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 2006;60:427-435

Dundas R, Leyland AH, Macintyre S, Leon DA. Does the primary school attended influence self-reported health or its risk factors in later life? Aberdeen Children of the 1950s Study. International Journal of Epidemiology 2006;35:458-465

Fairley L, Leyland AH. Social class inequalities in perinatal outcomes: Scotland 1980-2000. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 2006;60:31-36

Kajantie M, Manderbacka K, McCallum A, Notkola I-L, Arffman M, Forssas E, Karvonen S, Kortteinen M, Leyland AH, Keskimäki I. How to carry out register-based health services research in Finland? Compiling complex study data in the REDD project. Helsinki, 2006

Levin K A, Leyland AH. A comparison of health inequalities in urban and rural Scotland. Social Science & Medicine 2006;62:1457-1464

Levin K A, Leyland AH. Urban-rural inequalities in ischemic heart disease in Scotland, 1981-1999. American Journal of Public Health 2006;96:145-151

Leyland AH. Homicides involving knives and other sharp objects in Scotland, 1981-2003. Journal of Public Health 2006;28:145-147

Barnes J, Belsky J, Broomfield KA, Dave S, Frost M, Melhuish E, National Evaluation of Sure Start Research Team, (including Leyland AH). Disadvantaged but different: variation among deprived communities in relation to child and family well-being. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 2005;46:952-962

Fairley L. Changing patterns of inequality in birthweight and its determinants: a population-based study, Scotland 1980-2000. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 2005;19:342-350

Gray L, Leyland AH. General and psychosocial health. In: Bromley S, Shelton N, editors The Scottish Health Survey 2003 volume 3: children. Edinburgh: The Scottish Executive Department of Health, 2005:129-168.

Gray L, Leyland AH. General health, psychosocial health and use of services. In: Bromley C, Sproston K, Shelton N, editors The Scottish Health Survey 2003 volume 2: adults. Edinburgh: Scottish Executive, 2005:191-254.

Levin K A, Leyland AH. Urban/rural inequalities in suicide in Scotland, 1981-1999. Social Science & Medicine 2005;60:2877-2890

Leyland AH, Davies C A . Empirical Bayes methods for disease mapping. Statistical Methods in Medical Research 2005;14:17-34

Leyland AH. Assessing the impact of mobility on health: implications for life course epidemiology. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 2005;59:90-91

Leyland AH. Socioeconomic gradients in the prevalence of cardiovascular disease in Scotland: the roles of composition and context. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 2005;59:799-803

Næss Ø, Leyland AH , Davey-Smith G, Claussen B. Contextual effect on mortality of neighbourhood level education explained by earlier life deprivation. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 2005;59:1058-59

The National Evaluation of Sure Start (NESS) Research Team (including Leyland AH) . Early impacts of Sure Start Local Programmes on children and families; report of the cross-sectional study of 9-and 36-month old children and their families NESS/2005/FR/013. Nottingham, 2005

Tunstill J, Allnock D, Akhurst S, Garbers C, NESS research team, (including Leyland A. H.). Sure Start Local Programmes: Implications of case study data from the National Evaluation of Sure Start. Children & Society 2005;19:158-171

Davies CA, Leyland AH. Spatial patterns of cancer mortality in Europe. In: Kirch W, editor Public health in Europe: 10 years EUPHA. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 2004:227-243.

Leyland AH. Increasing inequalities in premature mortality in Great Britain. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 2004;58:296-302

McLoone P. Carstairs scores for Scottish postcode sectors from the 2001 Census. Glasgow, 2004

The National Evaluation of Sure Start (NESS) Research Team (including Leyland AH) . The national evaluation of Sure Start Local Programmes in England. Child and Adolescent Mental Health 2004;9:2-8

West P, Sweeting H, Leyland AH. School effects on pupils' health behaviours: evidence in support of the health promoting school. Research Papers in Education 2004;19:261-291

Gravelle H, Sutton M, Morris S, Windmeijer F, Leyland AH, Dibben C, Muirhead M. A model of supply and demand influences on the use of health care: implications for deriving a 'needs-based' capitation formula. Health Economics 2003;12:985-1004

Hetemaa T, Keskimäki I, Manderbacka K, Leyland AH, Koskinen S. How did the recent increased supply of coronary operations in Finland affect socio-economic and gender equity in their use?. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 2003;57:178-185

Levin K A. Urban-rural differences in self reported limiting long term illness in Scotland. Journal of Public Health Medicine 2003;25:288-294

Leyland AH, Groenewegen PP. Multilevel modelling and public health policy. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 2003;31:267-274

McLoone P. Increasing mortality among adults in Scotland 1981 to 1999. European Journal of Public Health 2003;13:230-234

The National Evaluation of Sure Start (NESS) Research Team (including Leyland AH) . Profiles of rounds 1 to 4 Sure Start Local Programme areas and a sample of round 5, to-be-Sure Start local programme areas. Nottingham, 2003

Sutton M, Gravelle H, Morris S, Leyland AH, Windmeijer F, Dibben C, Muirhead M. Allocation of resources to English areas: individual and small area determinants of morbidity and use of healthcare resources. Edinburgh, 2002

The National Evaluation of Sure Start (NESS) Research Team (including Leyland AH) . Asking the right questions: the National Evaluation of Sure Start. Interplay 2002;1:26-31

Westert G, Lagoe R, Keskimäki I, Leyland AH, Murphy M. An international study of hospital readmissions and related utilization in Europe and the USA. Health Policy 2002;61:269-278

Keskimäki I, Karvonen S, Sund R, Leyland AH. Monitasomallien käyttö terveystutkimuksessa (Finnish) [Multilevel modelling in health research]. Sosiäälilaaketieteellinen Aikakauslehti [Journal of Social Medicine] 2001;38:327-335

Leyland AH, Goldstein H (eds) . Multilevel modelling of health statistics. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 2001.

Morrison JM, Carroll L, Twaddle SE, Cameron IT, Grimshaw JM, Leyland AH, Baillie HM, Watt GCM. A pragmatic randomised controlled trial to evaluate guidelines for the management of infertility across the primary-secondary interface. British Medical Journal 2001;322:1282-1284

Leyland AH, Langford I H, Rasbash J, Goldstein H. Multivariate spatial models for event data. Statistics in Medicine 2000;19:2469-2478

Leyland AH, McLeod A. Mortality in England and Wales, 1979-1992, an introduction to Multilevel Modelling using MLwiN. MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit Occaisional Paper 1, Glasgow, 2000

Langford IH, Leyland AH, Rasbash J, Goldstein H. Multilevel modelling of the geographical distributions of rare diseases. Applied Statistics 1999;48:253-268